求翻译：This model of organized violence persisted well into late European history. The feudal period, characterized by ties of fealty between landholders, was brought to a close with the rise of the mercenary phalanx, which came to outclass the feudal knight on horseback.29 The brighter lords transferred their subjects’ obligations from military service to cash payments, which were then used to hire mercenary forces with undivided loyalties. While usually hired on a one-off basis, enterprising princes eventually revolutionized warfare by maintaining standing armies that they could train in new tactics. These included linearly-organized infantry formations intended to concentrate firepower, which in turn required higher concentrations of cavalry charges to break these formations, and this all dramatically increased the costs of raising and drilling new troops into an effective fighting force.30 The expense of all these changes reduced the number of private individuals able to take advantage of them, concentrating power into the hands of a select few who could organize complex administrative bureaucracies to extract the necessary revenue from their subjects. Not only was the norm for most of humanity’s history the exercise of violence by non-national professionals for hire, but the model was actually necessary for the emergence of what we recognize as the modern state.31是什么意思？

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